Learn About the Applications of Fiberglass Composites

Learn About the Applications of Fiberglass Composites The use of fiberglass started during the Second World War. Polyester resin was invented in 1935. Its potential was recognized, but finding a suitable reinforcing material proved elusive – even palm fronds were tried. Then, glass fibers which had been invented in the early 1930’s by Russel Games Slaytor and used for glass wool home insulation, were successfully combined with the resin to make a durable composite. Although it was not the first modern composite material (Bakelite - cloth reinforced phenolic resin was the first), glass reinforced plastic (‘GRP’) quickly grew into a worldwide industry. By the early 1940s, fiberglass laminates were being produced. The first amateur use – the building of a small dinghy was in Ohio was in 1942. Early Wartime Use of Glass Fiber As a new technology, resin and glass production volumes were relatively low and as a composite, its engineering characteristics were not well understood. Nevertheless, its advantages over other materials, for specific uses, were apparent. Wartime metal supply difficulties focused on GRP as an alternative. Initial applications were to protect radar equipment (Radomes), and as ducting, for example, airplane engine nacelles. In 1945, the material was used for the aft fuselage skin of the US Vultee B-15 trainer. Its first use of fiberglass in main airframe construction was that of a Spitfire in England, though it never went into production. Modern Uses Almost 2 million tons a year of the unsaturated polyester resin (‘UPR’) component are produced worldwide, and its widespread use is based on a number of features besides its relatively low cost: low technology fabricationdurabilityhigh flexing tolerancemoderate/high strength/weight ratiocorrosion resistanceimpact resistance Aviation and Aerospace GRP is used extensively in aviation and aerospace though it is not widely used for primary airframe construction, as there are alternative materials which better suit the applications. Typical GRP applications are engine cowlings, luggage racks, instrument enclosures, bulkheads, ducting, storage bins and antenna enclosures. It is also widely used in ground-handling equipment. Automotive For those who love automobiles, the 1953 model Chevrolet Corvette was the first production car to have a fiberglass body. As a body material, GRP has never succeeded against metal for large production volumes. However, fiberglass has a big presence in the replacement body parts, custom and kit auto markets. Tooling costs are relatively low as compared with metal press assemblies and ideally, suit smaller markets. Boats and Marine Since that first dinghy in 1942, this is an area where fiberglass is supreme. Its properties are ideally suited to boat building. Although there were problems with water absorption, modern resins are more resilient, and the composites continue to dominate the marine industry. In fact, without GRP, boat ownership would never have reached the levels it has today, as other construction methods are simply too expensive for volume production and not amenable to automation. Electronics GRP is widely used for circuit board manufacture (PCBs) – there is probably one within six feet of you now. TVs, radios, computers, cellphones – GRP holds our electronic world together. Home Almost every home has GRP somewhere – whether in a bathtub or a shower tray. Other applications include furniture and spa tubs. Leisure How much GRP do you think there is in Disneyland? The cars on the rides, the towers, the castles – so much of it is based on fiberglass. Even your local fun park probably has water slides made from the composite. And then the health club – do you ever sit in a Jacuzzi? That’s probably GRP as well. Medical Because of its low porosity, non-staining, and hard wearing finish, GRP is ideally suited to medical applications, from instrument enclosures to X-ray beds (where X-ray transparency is important). Projects Most people who tackle DIY projects have used fiberglass at one time or another. It is readily available in hardware stores, easy to use (with a few health precautions to be taken), and can provide a really practical and professional looking finish. Wind Energy Building 100’ wind turbine blades is a major growth area for this versatile composite, and with wind energy a massive factor in the energy supply equation, its use is certain to continue to grow. Summary GRP is all around us, and its unique characteristics will ensure that it remains one of the most versatile and easy to use composites for many years to come.

Comparing and contrasting Odyssey by Homer to movie O'Brother, Where Essay

Comparing and contrasting Odyssey by Homer to movie O'Brother, Where Art Thou - Essay Example works of art, several characters in the film have names similar to the characters in Homer’s work and the protagonist in the film, Ulysses Everett McGill, shares his name with the protagonist in Odyssey, i.e. the Latin form of the Greek name Odysseus which is Ulysses. Similarly, Odysseus and Ulysses Everett McGill both seem to have several enemies and few friends in these stories and an analysis of these characters in relation to the protagonists can help one in realizing the ultimate relationship between the film and the ancient epic poem. Thus, Athena is Odysseus’ friend and Poseidon, his enemy, while God is Ulysses’ friend in the film and the man with the dark glasses and dog (i.e. policeman) is his enemy. This paper undertakes a reflective analysis of why each one either helps or hinders Odysseus or Everett, what methods each person uses to accomplish his or her purposes and the overall efficacy with which these persons either oppose or aid Odysseus and Evere tt. A profound character analysis of Homer’s Odyssey confirms that Athena  , the daughter of Zeus and goddess of wisdom, has one of the most helpful friends of the protagonist Odysseus and she assists him with divine powers all the way through the epic. Thus, a careful reader of the epic realizes that Athena  implements significant methods to assist her friend and she is the one who raises her voice for Odysseus in the councils of the gods on Mount Olympus. In one of the most noticeable strategies to assist her friend, Athena  frequently accompanies Odysseus in disguise as Mentor, an old friend. The major reason for why she helps Odysseus is that she is fascinated by the brave and wily character of Odysseus. â€Å"As goddess of wisdom and battle, Athena naturally has a soft spot for the brave and wily Odysseus. She helps him out of many tough situations, including his shipwreck in Book 5 and the mismatched battle of Book 22. She does not merely impart sense and safety to h er passive charge, however.

Working with the New Millenials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Working with the New Millenials - Essay Example Case facts revealed that new millenials have tendencies to question everything, demand explicitly clear and consistent expectations, are primarily family oriented and earn to consume immediately as their very philosophy embodies living for the moment. Likewise, the facts indicate that new millenials want flexibility and working in a virtual environment where they can wear casual clothes and come at a time they please. Therefore, rather than restricting their movements, organizations can focus on providing flexibility in work, as long as explicitly stated goals and objectives are attained. Organizations should encourage their creativity and innovativeness and evaluate performance using Management By Objectives (MBO) that would determine progress and discuss meritorious increases depending on performance and attainment of goals. As confirmed by Heathfield (2012), there are some guidelines to manage millenials, to wit: (1) effective provision of structure, leadership and guidance; (2) e ncouraging â€Å"the millennial's self-assuredness, "can-do" attitude, and positive personal self-image† (Heathfield, 2012, p. 1);

Ct scan radiation risk and young patients Article

Ct scan radiation risk and young patients - Article Example CT machines have become much faster, and now, it is possible to scan any body part in very less time. The image quality that is on offer is also much better than the older generation of CT machines. At present, the latest multi-slice CT scan machine can accumulate data at around 350 ms. Within less than a second, it is possible for the CT scan machine to use millions of data points and then reconstruct a 512 x 512-matrix image from this. CT scan is among the best and fastest, non-invasive investigative modality for the evaluation of the abdomen, pelvis and chest, and gives a well-defined, cross-sectional view. CT scan is ideal in the diagnosis of cancer of various organs including the liver, pancreas, lung etc, and allows the surgeon to identify a tumor, including its size, location and how much it has spread to adjacent tissue. Among its other uses include the diagnosis and treatment of vascular diseases, pulmonary embolism and abdominal aortic aneurysms, skeletal lesions etc. CT is also widely used in children, in the evaluation of various tumors of the body like neuroblastoma, lymphoma etc and in the imaging of the kidneys. However, when compared to conventional radiography, the use of CT involves much higher doses, and there is a risk of radiation. Many studies have been published about this issue, especially the risk in children. Children are more radiosensitive to radiation exposure when compared to adults. It is estimated that children are ten times more sensitive to effect of radiation than middle- aged adults. Children have more time to develop a radiation-induced cancer due to a longer life-expectancy when compared to adults. It has also been shown that there is an increased dose per milliampere-second, and an increased lifetime risk per unit dose. It has been estimated that in a 1-year-old child, the lifetime cancer mortality risks due to CT scan radiation exposure is around 0.07% (for a head scan) and around 0.18% (for an abdominal scan). This amoun t of radiation exposure is much higher than what an adult would be exposed to. Another major concern is the trend to use multiple scans. It is felt that when compared to just one scan, two to three scans could theoretically double or triple the risk of cancer. Sometimes, during a single examination, more than one scan would be done, which increases the radiation dose further. Thus, in the vast majority of cases, a single scan should be enough. Many studies have provided information that there is link between high dose radiation and the development of malignant tumors in children. In February 2001, the American Journal of Roentgenology was among the first journals to publish the risk of radiation in a young patient after a CT scan. It is also quite common nowadays to use CT as a screening technique even for minor complaints like headache, and this has added to the controversy.   One large study has estimated that on an average, a child would be asked to get a CT scan seven times by the age of eighteen. It has been estimated that in the US alone, about 5 million CT scans are being performed in pediatric patients annually. Another concern is the excessive use of CT scans as a screening tool in patients who are asymptomatic. Due to all these concerns, there is a pressing need to avoid excess radiation dose from CT scanning and optimize the CT scan protocols, especially in young patients. The risk to benefit should always be considered and alternatives to CT scan like MRI or ultrasound should be

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Optical Fibers

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Optical Fibers A light travels in straight lines as we know it is highly impossible to make it follow a curved path to glimmer around corners. In 1970s there was a great improvement and faster growing in fibre optics communications. The main idea of light in communication system is evolved from simple signal fires and lamps. Claude chappe has a first modern attempt in optical telegraph built in the 1790s.The first problem was alleviated with the advent of semiconductor age, the semiconductor laser invented by Theodore maiman in 1962 LED(light emitted diode) is improved in optical fibre which solved the problem o0f passing light through air. The communications through optical fibre was proposed in 1966 by Charles Kao and Charles Hockham of the standard telecommunication laboratory in England. In the past few decades many technologies are introduced among them optical fibre communication is the best communication system. The main components of optical fibre are core, cladding and coating. The main duty of core is, it carries a light from transmitter to receiver. Core: It is a smallest part in optical fibre communication system. It is very delicate optical fibre cable Generally it is made up of plastic or glass. The core made up with glass is mixed with pure silicon dioxide other impurities like germanium or phosphorous. These impurities are added to improve the refractive index at certain conditions The range of glass core is from 3.7 µ to 200 µ. 1.48 is the refractive index of core The core made with plastic is larger than glass. Cladding: It is the protective and surrounded layer of core. It provides the low reflective index. In glass cladding the core and cladding is made with same material Different quantity of impurities is added to both core and cladding in order to make a difference in refractive index among them is about 1%. 1.46 is the refractive index of cladding 125 µ and 140 µ are the standard cladding diameters Coating: This is the main protective layer for the entire optical fibre. It protects the optical fibre from shocks and other external damages. Coating has an outside diameter of either 250 µ or 500 µ. Coating is colour less but to identify the coating in some applications it is coloured. 2) Advantages of Fiber optics: The band width of optical fibre is very high when compared with other communications. To increase band width in fibre optics is very easy. Data transmission is very fast in fibre optics. We can transmit data to longer distances without any noise. It is very difficult to tap the information because it is much secured. 3) Disadvantages of Fiber optics: Installation of fibre optics is very cost. When we face any problem with fibre optics we require special test equipment. Communication with fiber optic cable is more cost when compared with different broad band connection costs. In rural areas fiber optic communications are very less, in these days this is one of the main disadvantage of fiber optic. 4) Fibre Optic Losses: Due to bending and breaking of optical fibre cables losses are occurred in fibre optics. Mainly there are two types. Intrinsic losses. Extrinsic losses. 4.1) Intrinsic losses: A slight variation from one fibre to another fibre even manufactured with in specified tolerances. Losses are occurred by these variations. In Intrinsic losses there are four types of losses. They are NA (Numerical Aperture) mismatch losses. Core diameters mismatch losses. Concentric mismatch losses. Elliptical mismatch losses. Cladding diameter mismatch loss. 1) NA (Numerical Aperture) mismatches losses: If there are two optical fibres are repaired we are connecting them with splices during this connection mismatches are occurred because the cone of acceptance in the receiving fiber cannot gather the complete light emitted by the transmitting fiber. This means the light is not travelling completely. This mismatch loss is known as numerical aperture mismatch loss. 2) Core diameter mismatch losses: The difference between the core diameters is the reason of this loss. When the transmitting core greater than the receiving core or transmitting core is lesser than the receiving core light is not completely travelling. This type of mismatch is called as Core diameter mismatch losses. 3) Concentric mismatch losses: In ideal conditions the core the core and cladding are concentric, that means a single geometric centre is shared between them. The fibre core is likely to be offset by a slight amount from the cladding centre. In fiber cores when the transmitting and receiving are non concentric. They will not meet exactly and the light coming from the transmitting fiber is lost. 4) Elliptical mismatch losses: If the fiber cores not the perfectly circular and fiber cores and cladding are not perfectly concentric this types of losses are occurred. The transmitting optical fiber core is not match with receiver core. 5) Cladding diameter mismatch loss. If the diameter of the cladding are not same on the both fiber optics. This type of mismatch is occurred. This means the transmitter light is not completely sending to receiver core. 4.2) Extrinsic losses: Generally in an ideal optical fibre the cores are centred on each other they are placed at 90 degrees angle to their faces. The ends should be in firm contact. Any miss arrangement in these conditions can cause some loses in the signal. There are three types of extrinsic losses. Lateral displacement. End separation. Angular misalignment. 1) Lateral displacement: If the centres of core of two optical fibers are do not match this loss may occur. If the displacement increases less light from the transmitting fiber makes its way into the receiving fibre. A little amount of displacement is acceptable in larger fibers because the majority of the core s surface area is still in contact. In smaller fibers a slight offset can place the centre of the transmitting core entirely outside of the receiver core. 2) End Separation: The end separation loss is due to Fresnel reflection, it takes place when the light passes from fiber refractive index into the air and vice versa. In refractive index each and every change causes an amount of reflected light and therefore the loss is occurred. 3) Angular Misalignment: The optical signal will suffer from these losses when the fibers meet an angle. The solution for this loss is to arrange the fibre end properly that the both ends are in the same line during splicing. 4.3) Major causes of losses: Absorption loss. Scattering loss. Linear scattering losses. Non Linear scattering losses. Coupler losses. Insertion losses. Reflection losses. Impurity losses. Macro bending and micro bending losses. Packing fraction loss. Absorption loss : Absorption loss is occurred by the impurities in the fiber it self such as water and metals. Material absorption losses: Material absorption losses are occurred by absorption of photons within the fiber these losses represent a fundamental minimum to the attainable loss. Intrinsic absorption losses: Interaction with more than one component with glass leads to the intrinsic absorption loss. Scattering loss: I couples energy guided to radiation modes which causes the energy losses from the fiber. If there is a core diameter irregularity in fiber access direction also a reason of scattering losses. Linear Scattering loss: The quantity of light power is transferred from wave is directly proportional to the power in the wave it also causes by inhomogeneties in the glass when the size of it smaller than wave length. Non linear scattering loss: If the electric field with in the fiber has high values then it leads to the presence of non linear scattering ,it also causes when significant power is scattered in all the directions. Coupler loss: The fiber optics coupler are active or passive devices the coupling loss in optical fiber is defined as, = output power =inputpower Connection losses increased by fiber to fiber connection due to the following sources of intrinsic and extrinsic. Mainly we have four types coupling losses 1.Reflectionlosses. 2.Fiber separation. 3.Fiber misalignment. 4.Fiber mismatch Insertion losses: Insertion losses are combination of coupling loss and additional fibre losses. If joints of fiber can increased the attenuation of fibre this is done in multimode operation. Fiber joints can leads to the second order mode in single mode fiber. Reflection losses: Light waves of reflection and transmission occur because frequency do not match the natural resonant frequencies of vibration of object. Impurity losses: The first source of impurities material in glass fibre is metallic ions, the loss due to this reduces the contribution below 1DB/KM. Macro and microbending losses: These loss may occur due to sharp bend in fibre, to produce high losses a short length of optical fibre is to be bend, as tight as the fibre optic the losses are worst. The major problem in macro losses is in the hands of the installer.The losses in micro bends is same as the macro bands but it just differs in the size and cause. The radius is equal or less then the diameter the outer layer will shrink and get shorter when the fibre is too cold, fibre optic cables are available with a range of temperatures from C to C. Macrobend Microbend Packing fractin losses: Single emitter sometimes uses a bundle of fibres, if claddings are in contacts many fibres are packed together. Large area source can match a large bundle in order to eliminate area mismatch loss. Small sources can emit less like than the larger once , in single fibre larger one has more power to couple into a bundle than into a single fibre. Fibre optic as a sensor: Sensor provide link to interface between the electronic units and physical world the sensor can detect physical and chemical qualities such as temperature, pressure, vibration, flow , acceleration, proximity,and chemical concentrations. A basic sensor is made upof a light source(laser or led), a length of fibre and optical detector. Fibre optic itself acts as a sensor by varying he intensity of light these measurements are done. Only the source and the detector is required in the sensors hence it is very simpler. Based on the performance characteristics there are four different types of sensors they are 1. Extrinsic sensors. 2. Intrinsic sensors. 3. Fibre bragg grating (FBG sensors). 4. Long period grating sensor. Extrinsic sensor: In extrinsic sensors the outside part of the fibre undergoes to the sensing effect. The fibre acts as a collection system in light delivery. For example a chemical sensor utilizes a sensitive material on the tip, light is passà © through the fibre and reflected back. In the chemical solution as the concentration changes the tip properties may change and the reflection of the light also changes which gives the measure of chemical concentration. Intrinsic sensor: In intrinsic sensor the changes takes place within the fibre. The change is outside the fibre and the fibre remains unchanged when the intrinsic sensor is in contract to extrinsic sensors. For example when a fibre with ruff surfaces is placed between two plates, the fibre is pressed by the plates when the pressure increases the attenuation of the fibre increases due to this. Bend and micro bend sensor: Bent in a optical fibre leads to a portion of propagating light beam along the bend is incident at angles must be smaller than the critical angle by which attenuation, this can be used for sensing measure load and stream are found by this mechanism, lose of power occurs if any load lead to a bending of fibre. This measure gives the distribution of strain and load with the use of lost power. A series of random bends and small bends along the fibre is known a micro bending. It acts as a coupling between cladding and core modes in a single mode fibre and between multimode fibre. Fibre bragg grating(FBG Sensor): TO MEASURE TEMPERATURE AND STRAIN: To measure sensing mechanical strain, temperature and acceleration we use FBG sensors. Parameters that changes any of these results in a change in reflected wavelength, these changes when measured, sensing or external perturbations can be done. Long period grating sensor: Periodic perturbations along the length of the fibre with periods greater than hundred micro meters which includes coupling between the light propagating in core and cladding is long period grating. Cladding code influence the power transmitter through the fibre used to find the refractive index when there is any change in the medium around the fibre. Interferometric sensors: # In this the light is transmitted through to fibres. one of them (reference arm) isolated from environment and its properties are constant. And another fibre (measure arm) is exposed to parameter during sensing. The face of the light is changed by the parameters. The interferometric sensors has the greatest sensitivity and it has highest performance capabilities. The Interferometric sensor. ( John F.R, 1997, pp-543). ADVANTAGES OF FIBRE OPTICS SENSORS: It allows an access to normally inaccessible areas of interest. It is an non-electrical. Due to small size and less weight of the sensors it effective in cost. It has high sensitivity. It has high reliability. It is very easy to install. Transmitter: Transmitter converts electrical signal into light signal. It has two functions Light emitter Regulator Light emitter: It works as a soirce of light coupled into optical cable. Regulator: It modulates the light to represent the binary data. Light emitting diode: The transmitter are directly modulate when the drive current passed through the LED is varied. The power is directly proportional to the current flowing in the LED. According to the applications the drive currents is measured. The drive current is switched on and off in digital applications. And the current is varied in Analog application. The LED transmitter is packed with the receiver since the space is reduced and simplifies the circuit designing which reduces the cost. Characteristics of the LED: Recommended operating conditions. Electrical characteristics Optical characteristics Data rate Recommended operating conditions: It describe the temperature and voltage ranges that device can operate in without damage. Without any fluctuations the maximum and minimum operating temperatures can be measured. Electrical characteristics: It describes.. the required supply current Data output voltages Signal detect output voltages Rise fall times Optical characteristics: It includes Minimum optical input power Maxcimum optical input power Operating wavelength

Early Judaism: Messianic Claimants/Messianic Expectations Paper

A messiah is a rather ambiguous term. It mainly means an anointed one; usually a messiah is considered to be a son of David and would reestablish Israel to what it once was. Because messiahs are anointed ones they would typically be Jewish priests, prophets and kings. However, a Messiah can also be a warrior, or a man of peace. (CITE) A messiah was to reestablish unity among the Jewish people and navigate through the hardships and oppression that they went through during early Judaism and bring a sense of freedom and relief. An array of messianic claimants came forth during the two peaks of Jewish rebellion, the death of King Herod the Great and the first Jewish war against the Romans. The first search for a messiah started in the sixth century BC when the Jews of Babylonia were exiled, they called for an anointed one that would bring them back to their home. The second time was when Alexander the Great brought down the Achaemenid Empire and left it to his Macedonian generals. The Jews were peaceful and tried to fit in more with the Greeks to avoid confrontation through this time. Ultimately when the Greeks pushed it too far and destroyed the temple the Hasmonean family led a revolt that bought independence back to the Jews. This period is referred to as the Hasmonean Dynasty. In response to this change of priesthood, the Jewish people reorganized themselves into three major philosophies; the Sadducees, the Pharisees, and the Essenes. When the shift went to Roman, the Jews lost their sense of freedom. They were then ruled by King Herod the Great which didn’t improve. Herod the great was a powerful, brutal and ruthless leader, who accomplished a large amount, however under his rule Jewish people were extremely poor and highly taxe... ... army by his side. Simon and his followers were well organized and systematic in their approach. Works Cited http://www.livius.org/men-mh/messiah/messiah_01.html http://www.livius.org/men-mh/messiah/messiah_06.html http://www.livius.org/jo-jz/josephus/josephus.htm http://www.livius.org/ja-jn/jewish_wars/jwar07.html http://www.livius.org/men-mh/messiah/messianic_claimants03.html Anchor Bible – Richard, Horsley Horsley, Richard A. "Menahem In Jerusalem : A Brief Messianic Episode Among The Sicarii--Not "Zealot Messianism." Novum Testamentum 27.4 (1985): 334-348. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials. Web. 4 Apr. 2012. Stern, Pnina. "Life Of Josephus: The Autobiography Of Flavius Josephus." Journal For The Study Of Judaism In The Persian, Hellenistic And Roman Period 41.1 (2010): 63-93. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials. Web. 4 Apr. 2012. Early Judaism: Messianic Claimants/Messianic Expectations Paper A messiah is a rather ambiguous term. It mainly means an anointed one; usually a messiah is considered to be a son of David and would reestablish Israel to what it once was. Because messiahs are anointed ones they would typically be Jewish priests, prophets and kings. However, a Messiah can also be a warrior, or a man of peace. (CITE) A messiah was to reestablish unity among the Jewish people and navigate through the hardships and oppression that they went through during early Judaism and bring a sense of freedom and relief. An array of messianic claimants came forth during the two peaks of Jewish rebellion, the death of King Herod the Great and the first Jewish war against the Romans. The first search for a messiah started in the sixth century BC when the Jews of Babylonia were exiled, they called for an anointed one that would bring them back to their home. The second time was when Alexander the Great brought down the Achaemenid Empire and left it to his Macedonian generals. The Jews were peaceful and tried to fit in more with the Greeks to avoid confrontation through this time. Ultimately when the Greeks pushed it too far and destroyed the temple the Hasmonean family led a revolt that bought independence back to the Jews. This period is referred to as the Hasmonean Dynasty. In response to this change of priesthood, the Jewish people reorganized themselves into three major philosophies; the Sadducees, the Pharisees, and the Essenes. When the shift went to Roman, the Jews lost their sense of freedom. They were then ruled by King Herod the Great which didn’t improve. Herod the great was a powerful, brutal and ruthless leader, who accomplished a large amount, however under his rule Jewish people were extremely poor and highly taxe... ... army by his side. Simon and his followers were well organized and systematic in their approach. Works Cited http://www.livius.org/men-mh/messiah/messiah_01.html http://www.livius.org/men-mh/messiah/messiah_06.html http://www.livius.org/jo-jz/josephus/josephus.htm http://www.livius.org/ja-jn/jewish_wars/jwar07.html http://www.livius.org/men-mh/messiah/messianic_claimants03.html Anchor Bible – Richard, Horsley Horsley, Richard A. "Menahem In Jerusalem : A Brief Messianic Episode Among The Sicarii--Not "Zealot Messianism." Novum Testamentum 27.4 (1985): 334-348. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials. Web. 4 Apr. 2012. Stern, Pnina. "Life Of Josephus: The Autobiography Of Flavius Josephus." Journal For The Study Of Judaism In The Persian, Hellenistic And Roman Period 41.1 (2010): 63-93. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials. Web. 4 Apr. 2012.

Medical Claims Examiner or Claims Officer Training and Development Needs

Prepared By: Solomon Sawerh PetteyOrganisation: Osu Klottey NHIS Location: Osu, Accra – Ghana Medical Claims Examiner orClaims Officer| training & development| | | | INTRODUCTION Significant achievements have been made at arresting potential claim related challenges which threatened NHIS sustainability, but the claims still continue coming in fast with increased work load. The uses of technology and claim officers to effectively manage claims also continue to advance with meaningful results.This document therefore aims to use a scientific management approach to determine the training and development needs of claims officers, which can further enhance the effective and efficient management of claims. Case in Point Claims officers need to have certain knowledge, skills and abilities to examine medical claims effectively. The question is: what is the current capacity gap of knowledge, skills and abilities? The work of medical claim examination and approval are critical and comple x and this lends support to the question above.The research aims to determine the training and development needs of claims officers by examining levels of education, professional background and prior knowledge of claims vetting and ways to determine the impact of training. Focus will be on the claim officers’ perspective of needs, best approach to close capacity gaps, and better enhancement of NHIA activities towards the improving upon the performance of claim officers.About 70% of NHIS claims have been projected to be processed electronically, but leveraging technology in terms of claims management will not adequately address the capacity deficit, unless the manpower is well equipped to contribute meaningfully towards the rrealization of the company’s strategic goals. Approach Benchmarks Challenge of expenditure Traditional methods versus JUST-IN-TIME training and development for practical knowledge Continuum of learning/E-learning Tailored Programs / Health Insurance Training Institutions / International AssociationsSAMPLE CONTENT: TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY PROGRAM (P) Basic outline of programs which can be designed to prepare participants to meet the challenges of health care revenue cycle management including insurance reimbursement and accounts receivable management, with strong emphasis on clinical knowledge needed to analyze the content of medical records for optimal reimbursement P 1, Medical Aspects of Claims – describes the anatomy and physiology of the human body, as well as disorders and treatment of the various body systems.P 2, Basic Pharmacology – introduction to the basic study of drugs, therapeutic uses, dosage and actions. P 3, Health Insurance Law – provide an understanding of the insurance policy as a legal contract – aspects of statutory law, case law, and common law as they pertain to claim administration. P 4, Claim Administration – administration of claims under health insurance c ontracts (both individual and group), including investigation and cost control techniques.P 5, Management of Claim Operations – application of management theory to the operations of claim departments, including the management functions of planning, controlling, organizing and leading. P 6, Foundations of Insurance Marketing and Customer Service – marketing principles and functions, customer service concepts and strategies as integral aspects of health insurance Foundations of Excellence| Details/courses| | Anatomy and Physiology and Introduction to Human Disease | | Presentation Techniques, Advanced Composition, Diversity in Society| |Foundations of Health Professions| | | Applied Information Technology| | Medical Terminology and Introduction to Health Careers| | Major| | | Accounting Foundations | | Administrative Procedures or Medical Office Applications| | Health Record Content| | Health Care Management Foundations| | Procedural and Diagnostic Coding| | Introduction to Health Care Reimbursement Systems and Reimbursement Applications | | Claims Management Practicum| | Health Care Law and Ethics|